45
votes
How do you get a Bitcoin Public Key from a Private Key
I'll try answering this again in a different way,
using small numbers to keep it readable.
convert the private key to binary representation, so decimal number 105, which is 0x69 in hex, becomes ...
- 1,355
36
votes
Accepted
What are the implications of Schnorr signatures?
Warning: I've never actually worked with the Schnorr signature scheme. The
following is my analysis based on reading the Wikipedia
article, the ed25519
page, and some discussions between devs in
#...
- 11.2k
21
votes
Accepted
What are the advantages of Schnorr vs ECDSA?
Your question seems to assume that the only goal is minimizing on-chain transaction size. Reducing size and related costs is certainly something that can be improved upon, but it's far from the only ...
- 82.2k
19
votes
Accepted
Are Schnorr signatures quantum-computer resistant?
No, ECDSA and EC-Schnorr, as well as related schemes like EdDSA, all belong to the class of elliptic curve cryptography. Their security is based on the assumption that the EC discrete logarithm is ...
- 82.2k
17
votes
Accepted
When Schnorr signatures are part of Bitcoin will it be possible validate each block with only one signature validation?
Yes, one validation per block, but not one signature per block.
To clear up confusion, there are 3 distinct technologies involved here:
(1) non-interactive aggregation is the ability for a third ...
- 82.2k
15
votes
Accepted
Schnorr's batch validation
You're right that the elliptic curve multiplication is indeed the most expensive operation in the validation algorithm. And as both single signature validation and batch validation require two EC ...
- 82.2k
15
votes
Accepted
Will a Schnorr soft-fork introduce a new address format (i.e. not bech32)
They will be distinguishable, but they will still be bech32 addresses.
The introduction of Schnorr signatures requires a new type of output. Segwit was designed with such extensibility in mind, and ...
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13
votes
Accepted
Will Schnorr Multi-signatures completely replace ECDSA?
Schnorr signatures will not replace ECDSA. Schnorr signature verification is expected to be implemented with the Taproot soft-fork using SegWit witness version 1. This means only outputs that are ...
- 6,898
13
votes
Accepted
Musig Signature Interactivity
MuSig is interactive because each signer needs to provide a signature nonce (effectively randomness) before signing. This is not specific to MuSig, but applies to any discrete logarithm-based ...
- 726
11
votes
Accepted
Why was the Schnorr code removed from Bitcoin Core?
The Schnorr implementation was never in Bitcoin Core. Rather it is in the libsecp256k1 library that is a subtree in Bitcoin Core. The commit you reference is actually a commit in that library which ...
- 60.4k
11
votes
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Why was ECDSA chosen over Schnorr Signatures in the inital design?
Why was ECDSA chosen over Schnorr Signatures in the inital design?
You'll need to ask Satoshi to know for sure, but my guess is simply because ECDSA was well standardized at the time, while no ...
- 82.2k
11
votes
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Why is no security lost by using 32-byte public keys in Schnorr signatures instead of 33?
From the (very recently updated) bip-schnorr draft:
Implicit Y coordinates are not a reduction in security when expressed as the number of elliptic curve operations an attacker is expected to ...
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10
votes
Accepted
Replacing ECDSA (SECP256k1) with Schnorr signatures
Schnorr will replace ECDSA, the signing algorithm, but both still use the same elliptic curve and thus the same public and private keys, etc.
Regardless, compatibility with ECDSA must be kept too ...
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10
votes
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k selection for Schnorr signatures
I'm not sure what simplified variant you're referring to, but this is a great question.
There are a number of reasons.
First, RFC6979 is not cheap and fairly complex. Computing a single candidate ...
- 82.2k
9
votes
What are the implications of Schnorr signatures?
Yes you can do public key recovery with EC Schnorr. Consider
R = kG, [r = R.x, s = k + H(r, m)d], Q = dG
verify:
sG = ?R + H(r, m)Q
recovery:
sG = kG + H(r, m) dG = R + H(r, m)Q
so
Q = 1 / H(r, ...
- 91
9
votes
Accepted
How are scriptless scripts and taproot different?
One of the most common use of script in Bitcoin is to construct logically atomic operations, such as "Tx2 happens if and only if Tx1 happens".
Scriptless scripts tells us how to use the additive ...
- 7,429
9
votes
Accepted
2-of-3 multisig with Schnorr signatures
From what I understand, Schnorr signatures will allow n-of-n multisignature transactions, however m-of-n isn't possible using the key path alone.
That's not quite accurate. Schnorr signatures, as ...
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7
votes
Accepted
What are the limitations for amortizing the interactive session setup of MuSig?
Nonces must not be reused! In particular, in MuSig, nonces can not be reused
for other combinations of public keys or messages (also if everyone uses the
same public nonces all the time). This would ...
- 726
7
votes
Accepted
Would a Schnorr PubKey be a different length than a Taproot PubKey like P2WPKH and P2WSH?
A P2WPKH PubKey is shorter than a P2WSH PubKey.
No, not quite. A P2WPKH address is shorter than a P2WSH address. The addresses are both based on a hash of the underlying witness program (i.e. the ...
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7
votes
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Possible number of signers with MuSig
The number of signers with MuSig (and MuSig2) is practically infinite. For example, creating a MuSig signature with 1 million signers takes about 130 seconds on my laptop (see https://github.com/...
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7
votes
Accepted
Are the witnesses segregated with Schnorr signatures?
Schnorr (bip-340) signatures have been introduced as part of v1 Segwit outputs with the CHECKSIGADD opcode. Therefore bip-340 signatures are part of the witness and are not part of the hash forming ...
- 3,924
7
votes
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Can Schnorr aggregate signatures be nested inside other Schnorr aggregate signatures?
TL;DR: depending on what you mean, there is probably no published scheme with a security proof, but there is hope for such a scheme.
First, a few clarifications
Aggregation is just a concept, not an ...
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6
votes
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Would signature aggregation reduce the largest feasible blocksize
SegWit blocks aren't limited in bytes anymore but rather in weight. The maximum weight for a block is 4M. The weight of non-witness data is 4x its number of bytes.
So, yes, decreasing the amount of ...
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6
votes
Does a blockchain become opaque if it enable's schnorr-signatures, and require trust in the code?
When you sign a transaction with schnorr-signatures, it does not include the pubkey in the transaction data.
What? Schnorr signature validation still need public keys.
1)Does this mean the input ...
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6
votes
How are scriptless scripts and taproot different?
Scriptless scripts are more like the constructs used in HTLCs and Taproot is more like P2SH.
The common example used for scriptless scripts is adaptor signatures. With adaptor signatures, what one ...
- 60.4k
6
votes
How do you get a Bitcoin Public Key from a Private Key
Here's a self-contained Python script that does the conversion. You can check its work by comparing to entering your private key as the "Secret Exponent" at Brainwallet. I took the script from this ...
- 4,327
6
votes
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What are some interesting applications of Taproot "smart contracts"?
I think it's important to note first that BIP341-BIP342 are improvements to the Bitcoin script "framework" more than they are improvements to the smart contracting "functionality".
...
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6
votes
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What are "leaf versions" in Taproot?
SegWit introduced versioned witness programs. When satisfying a script to spend coins you need to provide a redeem script consisting of a version byte and a witness program. The version introduced ...
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6
votes
What are "leaf versions" in Taproot?
To add to Michael Folkson's answer, a question one may have is what the differences are between witness versions and leaf versions. Why do we need both?
Leaf versions are not revealed until an output ...
- 82.2k
5
votes
How is the construction of atomic swaps improved by Schnorr?
To perform an atomic swap, both assets need to be locked up to ensure the eponymous atomic execution of both payments or neither. Traditionally, this uses a complex output script that has two outcomes....
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