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Bitcoin has its own custom wire protocol using TCP. Peer discovery is by address rumoring, where connected nodes gossip about other potential available peers. When a node is new and has nobody to goss …

Many of these services attempt to connect to a large portion of the listening network and gain insight into the chance of a transaction confirming, however this is not a measure of safety for transactions … Note that most nodes in the network do not have listening sockets open, so you can not make outbound connections to them. …

The network used today isn't actually the same as the original design, which did not have an inventory system at all, every transaction and every block was sent to every peer indiscriminately. … Compact Blocks was also added to remove redundancy in block transmission and reduce latency, as blocks predominantly contain transactions which have already been forwarded around the network previously …

It returns some plausible peers, not all of its peers. You have no way of knowing any specific details about them, if they’re sybil, not operational, or not useful. The software tries to work out wh …

There's distinction of "bitcoin" and "bitcoin segwit". It's just Bitcoin.

This is an attempt to raise the cost of a large scale sybil attack against the network by increasing the diversity of IP addresses needed to gain an extremely large number of connections. …

There is no incentive to serve historical blocks beyond altruism, generally that applies to all facets of participating in the p2p network. …

If you just listen to transactions on the network without having a validating node of your own you will have absolutely no way of knowing if they are legitimate or not. …

You’re connecting to peers that aren’t responding to you in a sensible time period so you disconnect them and try somewhere else. This isn’t really indicative of anything other than some nodes not bei …

Trickle is a reference to how the node manages announcing other peers addresses.

Measuring the time since last block is very tricky as a measure of health or connectivity to the network. … Simpler projects like Shorenas network monitor give more general statistics about operation, bandwidth, and connections to the network. …

You can’t. Nodes don’t respond to messages about stale blocks because this would be a fingerprinting vector.

A number of years ago I was crawling the Bitcoin network to get estimations of the speeds that nodes could attain by connecting, downloading a known quantity of blocks, and measuring the time it took. … It isn’t an intended function of the network in any case. …