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The only valid header is 80 bytes, no more, no less. The other stated length of 128 bytes is part of the internal SHA256 hashing algorithm (its input must be a fixed multiple of 64 bytes), it's not …

Blocks can contain whatever is valid, anything beyond that is up to the miner to decide. Including no transactions other than the coinbase transaction is valid, and there is no way of having a rule w …

If the difficulty were unchanged from its original target of 1, today there would be 16 trillion blocks mined every 10 minutes. This would break the network instantly, it would not be able to mainta …

My original understanding of mining is to pick a timestamp (the timestamp of when miners started mining) and then fix it. There's no reason for that to be the case, as mining is progress-free. It is …

This effectively already happens on several levels, though without direct miner interaction. Both Bitcoin Core and the Bitcoin Relay Network have their own implementation of forward preparation for th …

Can the same miner / address / person be chosen to create multiple blocks in a row Yes, a single entity can mine multiple blocks in a row with no ill effect. are there some mechanisms prevent …

Assuming the energy to bitcoin rate of your choosing Market questions generally go out of date extremely quickly, and Bitcoin mining in general varies hugely in efficiency and availability of har …

Bitcoin miners are anonymous. There’s no identifying information in blocks that could be used to censor a particular participant. The attributions for miners shown on block explorers are guesswork pre …

it will be less and less rewarding to keep adding hashing power for the miners to protect the network and more and more tempting to try a 51% attack even if it just for breaking the confidence in t …

In Bitcoin the median time past (as in your quote) is used for all operations where the clock matters which limits the effect of any given miners timestamp. Miners can skew the timestamp of their bloc …

There's several factors at play, one of them is that the underlying implementation of the Stratum protocol on many miners. Due to the way they are implemented many miners will drop a connection with t …

Historically, block template generation has been very slow. It was faster to send an empty template with no transactions, then wait for the mining pool to create a block template with transactions, th …

They still roll the merkle root ('extra nonce') and time stamp, the same as any other miner.

As of October 2020, the block with the lowest hash is 000000000000000000000003681c2df35533c9578fb6aace040b0dfe0d446413.