117
People say the total will be 21000000 BTC.
... however:
The 1st 210000 blocks each allow creating 50 BTC.
The 2nd 210000 blocks each allow creating 25 BTC.
The 3rd 210000 blocks each allow creating 12.5 BTC.
...
The 10th 210000 blocks each allow creating 0.09765625 BTC.
The 11th 210000 blocks each allow creating 0.04882812 BTC, and not 0.048828125 BTC, ...
27
If you were a miner, what are the steps you would take to create the extra (21,000,012.5th) bitcoin?
Where in the source code is this exactly (link)?
There are two components to CVE-2018-17144. There is a crash bug and an inflation bug. Both are triggered by almost the same scenario: a transaction contains an input multiple times.
In general, how this ...
23
There will definitely be a tragedy of the commons problem if things stand as they are now. This was discussed at some length here and elsewhere.
There are some proposed ways to address this and make transaction fees nonzero (block size limit, hardcoded fees, insurance entities, mining cartel, gentleman's agreements which are maintained for fear defection ...
23
Assuming Bitcoin is still active at that point in time, mining will continue, because transaction fees will make it worthwhile to do so.
This topic has been discussed heavily in other answers, including:
What happens once the mining reward gets cut in half?
How many bitcoins will there eventually be?
How much will transaction fees eventually be?
The last ...
20
According to blockchain.info, the block 210000 was solved on 2012-11-28 15:24:38 GMT, and was relayed by Slush's Pool. The pool's Stats page also claims to have solved that block. It has also been stated that the block was solved by pool's user by the nickname of laughingbear.
20
Mike Hearn just posted about how Network Assured Contracts handle this problem. I don't find an immediate flaw with this.
This is how I understand the proposed solution:
Anyone with an interest in a high hash rate (basically, anyone holding
a large amount of coins), can initiate or cooperate on
SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY transactions. Those are an ...
19
Neither. The reward eventually ceases, but not at 21 million Bitcoins.
Here's the code (edited for clarity and brevity):
int halvings = nHeight / 210000;
CAmount nSubsidy = 50 * COIN; // COIN is one Bitcoin
// Subsidy is cut in half every 210,000 blocks which will occur approximately every 4 years.
return nSubsidy >> halvings;
(Source.)
Note that ...
15
A single Bitcoin is currently divisible up to 8 decimal places (giving you 21*10^14 units of money, or about 2.1 quadrillion units), nothing stops it from being divided further with small protocol change. In order to change the limit of Bitcoins created, one needs to change the protocol and force most of the Bitcoin network to adopt the change, which can be ...
15
As Artefact2 mentioned, Bitcoin uses fixed-point math to calculate the block subsidies. So, ignoring the unspendable genesis block, the sundry lost coins and unclaimed rewards, the maximum number of bitcoins is 20999999.9769 BTC.
I found that number through the following python program:
COIN = 100 * 1000 * 1000
nSubsidy = 50 * COIN
nHeight = 0
total = 0
...
15
Bitcoin becomes very insecure if miners stop mining. Think of how easy a 51% attack would be to pull off.
However, I disagree with your assumption that miners will stop. And certainly that if Bitcoin dies it would be because miners stop. I would instead think that miners would only stop if something else already killed Bitcoin. Bitcoin is designed to always ...
14
Every block has exactly one "coinbase transaction", the one transaction which doesn't have actual inputs, but gets all the fees and mining subsidy.
Every 210000 blocks, this subsidy halves. Right now, each block is allowed (not required!) to bring 50.00000000 BTC into circulation. Very soon, this will become 25.00000000. Four years later, 12.50000000. And ...
13
Year #bitcoins Inflation per annum
2009 1,624,250 -
--------------------------------------------------
2010 5,020,250 209.1%
2011 8,001,400 59.4%
2012 10,733,825 34.1%
2013 12,199,725 13.7%
2014 13,671,200 12.1%
--------------------------------------------------
2015 15,029,525 ...
12
It is exactly at block 420000.
When block 420000 will be mined is not certain, as the block mining process is random and influenced by hashrate variation.
10
Every node in the Bitcoin network checks every block it receives and validates any transactions in it. As coin generation is a transaction that is included in the block, it is also checked. Same as a node would not accept a transaction that does not balance its inputs and outputs (for example, by spending more coins than it has), neither would it accept a ...
10
No, mining will not come to an end at that point. The article is incorrect.
Mining will continue once the block rewards are no longer available, as transaction fees will continue to be offered. As the block rewards tend towards zero, the total value of transaction fees in each block will start to exceed the block reward. This will happen long before the ...
9
There will be 32 more if the precision doesn't increase. If Bitcoin lasts this long (very unlikely), precision probably will be increased.
9
Because the block halving incentives getting into Bitcoin NOW, rather than later. Early birds take more risks and get more rewards. Otherwise the network would have problems getting enough miners involved in the first place.
Asides that, there is a concept of inflation and deflation - we have already experienced the first one, so we might as well try the ...
9
There are a lot of reasons and I don't think it's known what factors led to the final decision.
For one thing, when the basic Bitcoin mechanics were designed, there was a significant risk that Bitcoin would never be adopted. By giving a fixed term to mining and a fixed supply of Bitcoins, the original designer(s) increased the chances that people would want ...
9
The Bitcoin reward schedule follows a predetermined pattern, see Controlled supply from the Bitcoin wiki.
The next reward drop will happen at block number 420000. The current block number at the time of writing this answer is 318662. There are about 101338 blocks remaining. At approximately 10 minutes per block, there are approximately 1008 blocks per week, ...
8
I've read some of the linked discussions, and it seems some of the participants fail to understand the basic economic theory of the marginal cost. In any high fixed-capital business, the net present value (NPV) determines the ROI (IRR) and determines the opportunity cost where investors apply their capital. Thus, in normal functioning markets, the lowest ...
8
According to a BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal) I found, this code:
nSubsidy >>= (nHeight / 210000);
will actually wrap the reward generation back to 50 at some point in 2200 or so. Making the supply of bit coins infinite. The python code above does not have this property. The C++ code does. See BIP https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-...
8
This is the announcement of Bitcoin:
http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2009-January/014994.html
Total circulation will be 21,000,000 coins. It'll be distributed to
network nodes when they make blocks, with the amount cut in half every
4 years.
first 4 years: 10,500,000 coins
next 4 years: 5,250,000 coins
next 4 years: 2,625,000 ...
7
All times approximate.
Each block takes ten minutes, so there are six blocks per hour, 24 hours per day. The original block reward was 50 BTC. Thus, 7200 BTC per day introduced to the system.
I contrived this script to model the decline, including the year the halving is expected to occur:
ruby -e 'reward = 7200.0; halving = 0; while halving < 33 do ...
7
The first block with the halved block subsidy is 420,000. However, blocks are discovered in a random process – whereas the protocol aims to have blocks found approximately every ten minutes, in effect blocks are currently found about every 8.94 minutes. Therefore, one can only estimate the precise arrival of the Halving:
thehalvening.com estimates 2016-07-...
6
Assuming blocks are solved at the targeted rate of one block every six minutes going forward from today, the date the block block reward subsidy drop will occur happens in late November.
http://www.BitcoinClock.com
Currently the target rate is 7,200 BTC per day. Starting with block 210,000, this will drop to a targeted rate of 3,600 BTC per day.
This ...
6
The new FinCEN regulations are quite clear that the term "create" includes currencies that people "obtain by their own computing or manufacturing effort".
A final type of convertible virtual currency activity involves a de-centralized convertible virtual currency (1) that has no central repository and no single administrator, and (2) that persons may ...
6
As I understand it, this is by consensus, i.e. all the nodes in the network agree on this protocol.
No. The network doesn't vote to change itself. Read this: What can an attacker with 51% of hash power do?
Arguably, you could try to get a change to the bitcoin client implemented through astroturfing.
Here's how you'd increase monetary inflation.
Find this ...
6
On average, since the creation of Bitcoin, a new block has been created every 9 minutes and 20 seconds. This is 7% faster than the correct time of 10 minutes. Taking that into account, I predict that the next one will be at Jun 20, 2016.
6
When no Bitcoins are left to be mined, how will the Blockchain continue to be validated? [duplicate]
Mining rewards are not the only source of income for miners. There are also transaction fees. When there are no more bitcoins to be mined (happens around 2140) then miners would be mining for transaction fees only.
5
The four basic laws of supply and demand are:
If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to higher equilibrium price and higher quantity
If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, then it leads to lower equilibrium price and lower quantity.
If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, then it leads to lower equilibrium price ...
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